Smallholder oil palm rejuvenation often experiences various problems including: farmers' institutions have not been formed, loss of income from oil palm plantations, plantation rejuvenation costs and living expenses incurred during the rejuvenation process. The purpose of this research is to analyze: (1) Characteristics of smallholders, realization of oil palm replanting and profiles of coopera…
In infrastructure development, aggregate materials are often named after the region from which they are extracted. However, the use of regional names does not accurately reflect the quality of the materials. Consequently, materials sourced from the same area but from different quarries can vary significantly in quality. Therefore, this study distinguishes aggregate materials based on their geol…